Intensive cultivation in saline soil conditions

A one-year-old pecan tree has gray and brown edges that signals salt injury after being grown in salinity conditions.

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

Intensive cultivation in saline soil conditions

Over about six years now and the successful planting of 406 pecan seedlings of seven different cultivars at our University of Arizona Safford Agricultural Center, I am encouraged and enlightened by the observations and results so far that have come out of the research project. More pecan producers than just Arizona producers contend with the...

The irrigation canal at Rio Bravo is empty for now, while workers at Rio Bravo orchard finish hedging trees. (Photo by Blair Krebs)

by Richard Heerema Western Front

Salinity management considerations ahead of planting

Salinity is a major and growing concern in pecan orchards across the western United States. Although salinity is always a potential issue in irrigated agriculture, drought has really moved it to the forefront for many areas. What do growers need to look at ahead of planting a pecan orchard? One of the most important things...

A row of mature pecan trees with orange and golden leaves during a fall evening. Leaves changing colors is the first signal that trees are approaching the end of the growing season.

by Richard Heerema Western Front

The end of the growing season means preparing for winter

Recently I had a discussion with some colleagues about when the pecan growing season actually ends. That might seem like a very simple question to answer for a grower: harvest is the end of the growing season. True enough. But from the tree’s perspective, when is it really over? When has the dormant season truly...

A hedger travels down a row of mature pecan trees during dormancy and saws off the top part of the trees.

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

Plant hormones’ post-pruning balancing act

At the Arizona Pecan Growers Association’s Conference at the end of August, three local producers gathered for a “Grower’s Panel,” during which they explained their hedging and pruning programs. These producers used video and PowerPoint slides to further expound on their discussion. I remember one of the producers mentioned, “The pecan trees get used to...

The North 19E plot, eastside of R4-2, flooded with water during the on-farm recharge.

by Sandra Bachand, Ben King, Mohammad Yaghmour, Keitasha Royal, and Philip Bachand Western Front

On-Farm Recharge on orchard replenishes groundwater

On-farm recharge is the application of available surface water to farmlands during wet years to recharge and store water in underlying aquifers for future use. Pecan orchards are especially suited to on-farm recharge because pecans are a facultative upland species able to tolerate saturated soils post-dormancy. We conducted an on-farm recharge (OFR) demonstration study on...

by Richard Heerema Western Front

The importance of pecan rootstocks for semi-arid regions

Why are rootstocks necessary in pecan? The answer to this question is that they actually aren’t necessary at all. Pecan trees can be grown from seed and planted without grafting. Without grafting you don’t have a rootstock per se. The catch, though, with ungrafted seedling pecan trees is you don’t know exactly what you’re going...

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

Essential elements in pecan

In the early 20th century, scientists Daniel Arnon and Perry Stout, through the inspiration and guidance of the renowned laboratory of plant nutrition founded by Dr. Hoagland at the University of California Berkley, determined the criteria that would ultimately ascertain if an inorganic mineral was required within a plant to be deemed an “essential element.”...

Irrigation water runs between two rows of pecan trees. Trees water demand increases as the season advances.

by Richard Heerema Western Front

The Downsides of Overwatering Pecans

When it comes to irrigation scheduling, we tend to talk most often about how important it is to make sure that irrigation water is applied in sufficient volumes and frequently enough to meet the consumptive demand or evapotranspiration (“ET”) of our pecan orchards. And there is no doubt that that is a really big deal!...

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

Before the nut—pecan flowering and pollination

As I am writing this in April, most pecan shoots around the western pecan production regions are expanding their leaves as flowering begins. Soon, now in May, the tiny promiscuous flowers will emerge and become receptive to the pollen floating in the wind. I have always been interested in how male and female flowers form...

A person holds a handful of dark brown soil up to the camera, in order to show off the soil health and texture.

by Richard Heerema Western Front

How to increase the soil organic matter in your pecan orchard

Many of you will soon receive the lab analysis results of your winter-time soil samples. If you haven’t already collected your soil samples, let me encourage you that it might not be too late in early March to do this. However, I would recommend that you do it before you start applying fertilizers for the...

Two rows of mature pecan trees separated by burgeoning cover crop.

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

Cover Crops—Cover up out there!

I have always wondered how many of us in the pecan industry utilize cover crops. Has there ever been a survey on this topic specifically for pecan production operations? I haven’t found any in my search, but there probably hasn’t ever been a formal one conducted across the entire pecan production belt. I bet if...

A tree split into a y-shape near the orchard floor. Training young pecan trees is one important winter activity growers should think about after harvest.

by Richard Heerema Western Front

Pecan Winter Activities for Western Orchards

After the dusty whirlwind of harvest passes, outsiders may easily think it’s finally time to take a little break from pecan orchard activities. There is a certain amount of truth in that. After all, the trees are dormant. It looks so quiet and peaceful. The constant hum of zinc sprays, irrigation, insect pest control, and...

Shows a row of young trees that are almost completely defoliated. The 2019 Halloween freeze killed these trees down to the soil line.

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

Analyzing the 2019 Freeze’s Impact on the West

As I am typing away to write this article, I can’t help but think of all of your faces. All of us out there are still enduring these new norms. I think of everyone and send a prayer that you are staying safe and healthy during these trying times, but I also pray that you...

X-axis shows the zinc in a pecan leaflet by parts per million; the y-axis shows the percentage of trees with visible zinc deficiency. The majority of trees plotted with a zinc leaflet level below 50 ppm exhibit visible symptoms of a deficiency. The points representing trees with levels of 50 and higher sit around 0% with visible zinc deficiency.

by Darrell Sparks and Jerry A. Sparks Western Front

Pecan Zinc Deficiency Linked to Leaflets’ Zinc Levels

LEAFLET ANALYSIS is widely used by pecan growers to determine the Zn (zinc) status of their pecan trees. In most diagnostic laboratories, the zinc concentration of the leaflet of 50 to 100 or 60 to 100 parts per million zinc is considered sufficient. 1,4,10 Pecan trees with less than 20 ppm Zn in the leaflets...

by Richard Heerema Western Front

Micro-Irrigation versus Flood Irrigation

Basin flood irrigation remains popular in some of the traditional pecan growing areas of the western region, but increasingly producers are making use of micro-irrigation. Recently I wrote an article in Pecan South about timing your irrigation events if you are using a basin flood irrigation system. In this article here, I will compare and...

A green stink bug sits on the corner of an inshell pecan as it feeds.

by Ted E. Cottrell Western Front

Monitoring Stink Bugs, an Annual Pecan Pest

Stink bugs are serious, annual pests of pecan. Their feeding on developing nuts before shell hardening leads to “black pit” of the embryo and nut abortion. After the shell hardens, damaged nuts remain on the tree and are harvested. Stink bug feeding injury on nuts with hardened shells and mature kernels usually is indicated by...

Photo by Adult Gray Hairstreak, Strymon melinus, on a branch.

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

Pesky Pest, But Not a Threat

Adult Gray Hairstreak, Strymon melinus. Credit: David Cappaert, Bugwood.org.“Have you seen this before?” A common question that arises in early Spring as buds break and leaves unfold and development ensues. In late May and June, some pecan producers may even encounter nutlets with a tiny hole chewed out of it on one side. I wanted...

by Richard Heerema Western Front

Your Pecan Tree’s Piggy Bank & Water Budgeting

As we move into the 2020 growing season, we should take some time to discuss how to know when to irrigate and how to know how much water to apply—irrigation scheduling. There are several different methods that growers can use to schedule irrigations, some better than others. Some producers may prefer the completely non-scientific approaches,...

A man grafts a new vaariety to the top of a pecan tree.

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

Successful Grafts Take a Careful Craft

Successfully grafting is a meticulous process that requires the producer to develop their craft. Before embarking on this mission, one should consider some essential factors when grafting or budding to propagate a pecan tree. Depending on the pecan growing region, orchard design, or planning phase, the pecan producer will choose a rootstock first—based on its...

A close-up picture of an unpollinated pecan flower after budbreak.

by Barrett Blain Western Front

Don’t Forget About Zinc!

As we move into March and the spring weather it brings, here in the West we anticipate the arrival of budbreak and bloom. At this time of year, we’ve been able to finish all the necessary jobs associated with dormancy. Trees have been hedged and topped, necessary soil amendments have been applied, and if we’re...

A young pecan tree with a short trunk that splits off into four branches. By training this tree, growers can help it establish a stable structure.

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

Training Pecan Trees, Setting Some Limits

From the words of late Chris Blanchard, creator of the “Farmer to Farmer” podcast and a MOSES Organic Farmer Conference organizer, “Farms are like two-year-olds. They’re very loud and very insistent about what they need and what they want. If you don’t set some limits, you’re going to be a slave to the two-year-old.” If...

by Richard Heerema Western Front

Pecan Trees Prepare to Face Winter Head-On

Winter can be horrible news for plants, even here in the “balmy” Southwest. The days get shorter and sunlight intensity decreases as we approach winter, making photosynthesis tougher and tougher. In addition, plants have no choice but to slow all activities way down as temperatures dip, since the rates of a plant’s metabolic processes are...

A pecan orchard with a heavy crop before harvest.

by Barrett Blain Western Front

Before Harvest, Consider This

November means it’s time for harvest throughout the entire pecan industry. While some growers in the Southeast have been picking nuts for nearly two months, those of us out here in the West are just getting going. ‘Pawnee’ will have been ready for a little bit, while most other varieties are just finishing up and...

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

Accurate Diagnosis is Critical

Examine the rows upon rows of mature pecan trees in your orchard. Tall, sturdy with a full canopy, these trees may look close to perfect to an unfamiliar observer. But like with almost everything in life, once we enter the orchard, once we stand beneath the canopy, and once we look close enough at these...

Two vibrant green leaves with brown and yellow spots from aphids.

by Ted E. Cottrell Western Front

Pecan Aphids, Part III: A Different Approach to Managing the Black Pecan Aphid

The first and second articles in this series on pecan aphids focused on the distribution of the three aphid species (blackmargined aphid, yellow pecan aphid, and black pecan aphid) on pecan foliage and their feeding biology. An emphasis was placed on how the black pecan aphid conditions foliage at feeding sites by eliciting chlorotic zones,...

by Barrett Blain Western Front

Challenges and Tricks to Growing Pecans in California

Out here in California, we’re relative newcomers to the pecan industry. There are some smaller plantings that were planted in the late ‘50s and ‘60s, but most of the commercial plantings didn’t start going in until the mid-1970s. And the state’s largest orchard wasn’t planted until 1980. With that being the case, we’ve had the...

A row of trees have clusters of yellowed leaves.

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

Iron—Essential to Humans and to Pecans

All of us at some point in our attendance at various pecan industry events across the Pecan Belt have heard discussions of essential elements that are required by plants and especially those required to successfully grow pecan trees with relatively optimal yields, even though there may be some differences depending on the region where they’re...

An orchard in the western part of the U.S. that has no vegetation in the tree rows but a mow strip of grass between each row of trees.

by Richard Heerema Western Front

Take your head out of the canopy, focus on the orchard floor

Although the goal of a grower’s orchard operation remains the same—to produce and sell the best pecans—the steps a grower takes to create the perfect crop changes as an orchard’s needs, scientific recommendations, and the seasons change. Oftentimes, a producer may find themselves so focused on the details of management that they forget about how...

A adult black pecan aphid and her nymphs sit on the yellow, chlorotic spot that they created on this once green pecan leaf.

by Ted E. Cottrell Western Front

Pecan Aphids, Part II: Feeding Biology

In the first of this three-part series on the pecan-feeding aphids (March 2019), I covered how different aphid species distribute on pecan foliage. At the end of that article, we questioned why nymphs of the blackmargined pecan aphid and yellow pecan aphid favor the underside of the pecan leaf, but a proportion of black pecan...

by Barrett Blain Western Front

June’s the time to get it right!

June is generally accepted as the start of summer. Out in the West, some years feel like summer starts at the end of May and continues through to Halloween. June is also the beginning of the most critical phases of our growing season. We have made it through budbreak and pollination, hopefully without incident, and...

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

Pecan Flowering: Genesis of the Nut

One thing is for sure, just when you think you have something figured out, nature will turn around and show you differently. In my position thus far, I find myself making recommendations all the time, but I often have to remind myself not to make too specific generalizations for doing things one way across all...

by Richard Heerema Western Front

3 Steps to Diagnose Unknown Disorders in Your Orchard

I’m sure every single one of you has come across one of those “mystery problems” in your pecan orchards. I’m not talking about the simple, everyday stuff that you already can easily diagnose. I’m talking about those trees that just aren’t growing normally. Or maybe that corner of the orchard where all the leaves are...

by L.J. Grauke Western Front

Family Trees: Looking back, Going forward

Every grafted pecan tree is full of stories that can be confusing to someone not involved in the pecan industry. I want to tell the origin stories of three cultivars: ‘Western’ (the most important scion cultivar for the western region), ‘Riverside’ (an important rootstock cultivar for the West), and ‘Longfellow’ (which has recently been confirmed...

by Richard Heerema Western Front

New Plantings Require a Few Variety Considerations

At the top of some pecan producers’ minds right now is the preparation for new orchard plantings. It’s probably a little late now to change this year’s order for nursery trees, but here are some important considerations when you’re deciding on a cultivar mix for your new plantings in the western growing region. History ...

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

The Soil is Alive

If you eliminate the other environmental factors (i.e., water, light, temperature), it could be agreed that growing an optimum crop with maximum yield potential is ultimately limited by the health and condition of the soil. This is especially true when your crop is a perennial crop like our pecan tree. After all, a healthy soil...

by Richard Heerema Western Front

Reflect, Recognize, Resolve

The end of December is always a time of personal retrospection, looking back on the year to see what went as planned and what didn’t; what was accomplished and what wasn’t. It’s a time to think about ways we did things just right or mistakes we made and how we’re going to make next year...

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

Colors of Fall, Colors of Health

Before I get into writing on another topic in pecans here, I want to take a moment and extend my deepest sympathy to our pecan friends who may have been injured or even worse affected by Hurricane Michael that swept through the lower southeastern pecan production region last month. One thing for sure, we all...

by Richard Heerema Western Front

Macronutrients: Keep the leaves healthy to feed the kernels

The two months or so leading up to nut maturity that we are now in are an extremely active period for a pecan tree. We will see the fruit make a transition out of the water and gel stages into the kernel fill stage. And then during this important stage of nut development, the seed...

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

No Holding Back, Good ‘Ole H20

Let’s face it. Fruiting is a high-stress event for any tree. If there are other stresses compounding this event, either this year’s fruit quality or next year’s performance will be impacted significantly. As a perennial crop, ultimately what you do this year sets that crop up for success or failure next year. However, there are...

by Richard Heerema Western Front

What’s the Scoop on Nitrogen?

Nitrogen is a “building block” of a vast array of plant biochemicals. To farm pecans successfully, you probably don’t need to know the names of all of these, but you’ve definitely already heard of some of them: – amino acids and proteins: including enzymes that make all of the biological processes in the plant actually...

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

Grafting—Some Kind of Magic

In my experiences so far in the pecan industry, I have had the pleasure of meeting many fine folks with some outstanding skills. I just returned from the Western Pecan Growers Conference and added new friends to my contacts. It is fascinating to observe the many diverse skills some of us may acquire along our...

by Richard Heerema Western Front

Salinity, Another Key to Orchard Management

If you’re going to grow pecans in the southwestern states you’ll need to irrigate. That’s a given. Every time we irrigate, though, we’re adding more than just water. Every time we irrigate, we’re adding some amount of salt to the soil along with the water. It might just be a little bit of salt or...

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

Training Pecans for Performance, Perseverance & Productivity

Training is the act of teaching or developing skills and knowledge related to a specific competency, thus improving one’s capability, capacity, performance, steadfastness, and productivity. In this respect, I would like to write here on training the young pecan tree, as I think that is what most may be doing this time of year. Although...

by Richard Heerema Western Front

Not Just Cotton, Not Just Roots, Cotton Root Rot Affects Pecan Trees

Compared with our pecan-growing friends in the humid central and eastern production areas, we in the western states, fortunately, have very, very few plant disease issues that we struggle with on a regular basis in our pecan orchards. Sometimes I’ll even hear folks say that we don’t have any pecan diseases out here because it’s...

A nut cluster in Arizona undergoes shuck split in October.

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

Shuck Split is Pecan’s Annual Biochemical Ballet

What a time of year for the current development of the pecan! As you may realize and experience yourself, when October comes around, it is most welcome. The cooler days tend to give that extra motivation, that sense of “Hey, it’s not so bad being out here today.” The cooler weather motivates us to get...

by Mike Brensel Western Front

Considering Cover Crops for Long-Term Soil Health and Sustainability

The focus on soil health and increasing soil organic matter through the use of cover crops is an evolving trend in agriculture and a potentially important opportunity for the American pecan farmer. Simply put, pecans are a very long-term perennial crop with a lot of soil between the rows and the orchard floor in general....

by Richard Heerema Western Front

Using Data to Schedule Irrigation & Analyze Soil Moisture

Getting irrigation exactly right is one of the most important things that a pecan grower in the West needs to do. This is particularly true during the middle part of the season when we may see a couple of waves of natural fruit drop and the latter part of the season when the kernel develops....

The cotton square borer -- a fuzzy, green caterpillar -- crawls along a cluster of fruitlets. It has already eaten into several of the fruitlets.

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

An Unusual Insect: Just a Pest, Not a Threat

There is always “firsts” in the business of Cooperative Extension duties. First time seeing this. first time dealing with that. Back in early to mid-May, just after most catkins were dried up and the pecan female flower pollinated, I experienced a “first” while making farm visits with a certified Pest Control Advisor (PCA) and Certified...

An old pecan tree stands tall in high water.

by Blake Davis & Mike Powell Western Front

Seepage in California Orchards Offers Insights for Aquifer Recharge

We all know that orchards prefer well-drained soil with good soil aeration; so it would come as a jolt for any good orchard manager to see a 45-year-old pecan tree in over 18 inches of water for more than six weeks, with full foliage and good catkin development. The pictures shown with this article, taken...

by Richard Heerema Western Front

Pecan Pollination: The Answer is Blowing in the Wind

We are rapidly approaching bloom in our pecan orchards in the western growing region. As I write in early April, catkins are already visible. It won’t be very long before we’ll see the female flowers start to appear as well — giving us a little glimpse of the cropping potential in our orchards in 2017....

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

Transitioning from flood to micro irrigation

Recently I gave a presentation on transitioning to micro-irrigation at the Western Pecan Growers Association conference in Las Cruces, New Mexico. I thought I would present the same information here so that I can expand further on some of these considerations and reach some growers who may have missed the conference but are considering this...

by Barrett Blain Western Front

Winter rains (finally) impact California harvest

Normally, still having acres left to harvest at this time of year would see me in a state of perpetual panic and worry. However, this isn’t a normal year. As most farmers in the U.S. know, California has been in the midst of a crippling drought. Most California growers have been almost completely reliant on...

by Richard Heerema Western Front

Mechanical Pruning in the West

It has become abundantly clear in the past 10 years that mechanical topping and siding (hedging or mechanical pruning) is the best method currently available for light management in pecan orchards in the West. People have been experimenting with numerous different strategies for mechanical pruning for a very long time. In particular, I think we...

by Joshua Sherman Western Front

Bacterial Leaf Scorch identified in Arizona; Survey Launched

In late June of this year the University of Arizona Cooperative Extension’s Plant Pathologist, Dr. Mary Olsen, was contacted to come visit a problematic pecan tree in southeast Arizona. The symptoms on the leaf seemed to resemble a salt toxicity issue, with marginal leaf necrosis. However, through further investigation, it seemed that there were more...

by Richard Heerema and Jim Walworth Western Front

Soil Zinc Applications in the West Can Work

One of the most serious challenges for pecan producers out here in the southwestern growing region is maintaining adequate micronutrient nutrition of the trees. Micronutrient imbalances are common with pecan trees everywhere they are grown, but they are particularly difficult to manage in the arid/semi-arid western U.S. because of the nature of the region’s soils....

by Richard Heerema Western Front

Managing to reduce freeze injury risk in pecan orchards in the West

Summer’s almost here and the weather is getting very warm – so it may seem a little strange to some of you to have an article about managing freeze injury. But I think folks from eastern New Mexico and parts of western Texas will consider this to be a very timely topic, as they are...

by Richard Heerema Western Front

The “Other” Micronutrients

It is well known that most pecan orchards, especially out here in the West, require zinc fertilizers for normal leaf expansion, shoot growth, and nut production. And in the past five years or so, most pecan growers have become proficient at spotting the telltale signs of nickel deficiency. But very rarely do they discuss other...

by Richard Heerema Western Front

Stressing Out

No doubt a few of us have experienced firsthand how a “stressful” lifestyle — maybe worries about the economy or the kids — is bad news for our own health. Horticulturists and orchard managers also often speak about minimizing “stress” in our orchards so that we can maximize tree performance (and hopefully lower our own...

by Richard Heerema Western Front

Managing Crowding of Orchards in the West

Pecan trees LOVE the light. That’s really all there is to it. In their native habitat, young pecan trees can rapidly grow to great heights if given a nice patch of sunlight — then once they’ve surpassed all the other surrounding trees in height, they’ve got it made in the sun, so to speak. But...

by Richard Heerema Western Front

Irrigation Scheduling Using Soil Moisture Monitoring

I think just about everyone in the pecan industry already knows that maintaining water status in orchards is of utmost importance for consistently producing top pecan nut yields and top pecan nut quality. When trees become water stressed, photosynthesis slows, shoot growth stops, nuts drop, and the remaining kernels don’t fully fill—all bad things if...